Endocrinologists develop new drugs and treatments for hormone problems:

hormonal imbalances
cholesterol (lipid) disorders
thyroid diseases
metabolism
diabetes
cancers of the glands
infertility and birth control
shortness (short stature)
menopause
osteoporosis
hypertension

Endocrinologists finish four years of medical school and then spend three or four years in an internship and residency program. These specialty programs cover internal medicine, pediatrics, or obstetrics and gynecology. They spend two or three more years learning how to diagnose and treat hormone conditions. Overall, an endocrinologist's training will take more than 10 years.

Endocrine diseases and disorders can be grouped into several different areas. Some endocrinologists focus on one or two areas, such as diabetes, pediatric disorders, thyroid, or reproductive and menstrual disorders. Others work in all areas of endocrinology. The major areas of endocrinology are described below.
 

Diabetes

Patients with diabetes have too much sugar in their blood. Recent studies have found that controlling blood sugar helps prevent serious problems from diabetes. These can include problems in the eyes, kidneys and nerves, which can lead to blindness, dialysis, or amputation. Endocrinologists treat diabetes with diet and medications, including insulin. They also work closely with patients to control blood sugar and monitor them so they can prevent health problems.
 

Thyroid

Patients with thyroid disorders often have problems with their energy levels. They may also have problems with muscle strength, emotions, weight control, and tolerating heat or cold. Endocrinologists treat patients with too much or too little of the thyroid hormones. They help patients reach a hormone balance by replacing thyroid hormone. Endocrinologists also receive special training to manage patients with thyroid growths or thyroid cancer, and swollen thyroid glands.

Bone

Osteomalacia (rickets, which causes bones to soften) and osteoporosis are bone diseases that endocrinologists diagnose and treat. Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens your skeleton. Certain hormones act to protect bone tissue. When hormone levels drop, bones can lose tissue and weaken. Menopause, loss of testicle function, and aging may put you at risk for bone fractures. Endocrinologists treat other disorders that can affect bones, such as too much parathyroid hormone.
 

Reproduction/Infertility

About one in ten American couples are infertile. Endocrine research has helped thousands of couples to have children. Endocrinologists diagnose and treat the precise hormone imbalance that causes infertility, and also assess and treat patients with reproductive problems based in glands. They work with patients who need hormone replacement. Problems that they treat include menopause symptoms, irregular periods, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premenstrual syndrome, and impotence.
 

Obesity and Overweight

Endocrinologists treat patients who are overweight or obese, often because of metabolic and hormonal problems. The sign of obesity is too much body fat. Thyroid, adrenal, ovarian, and pituitary disorders can cause obesity. Endocrinologists also identify factors linked with obesity such as, insulin resistance and genetic problems.

Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is often called the master gland of the body because it controls other glands. The pituitary makes several vital hormones. Over - or under - production of pituitary hormones can lead to infertility, menstrual disorders, growth disorders (acromegaly or short stature) and too much cortisol production (Cushing's syndrome). Endocrinologists control these conditions with medications and refer patients who need surgery.
 

Growth

Children and adults can suffer the effects of not producing enough growth hormone in their bodies. Pediatric endocrinologists treat children who suffer from endocrine problems that cause short stature and other growth disorders. Adults with growth hormone deficiency can experience emotional and psychological distress, and feelings of fatigue. Safe and effective growth hormone replacement therapy is available for people whose growth is abnormal.
 

Hypertension

Hypertension is high blood pressure, and it is a risk factor for heart disease. Up to 10% of people have hypertension because of too much aldosterone, a hormone produced in the adrenal glands. About half of these cases are caused by growths that can be removed with surgery. Conditions such as the metabolic syndrome or a growth called a pheochromocytoma also may cause hypertension. These conditions also can be treated successfully.
 

Lipid Disorders

Patients with lipid disorders have trouble maintaining normal levels of body fats. One of the most common lipid disorders is hyperlipidemia - high levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (known as "bad" cholesterol), and/or triglycerides in the blood. High levels of these fats are linked to heart and blood vessel (coronary heart) disease, strokes, and other diseases. Hypertension is common in people with lipid disorders, and together these factors put patients at higher risk for coronary heart disease. Endocrinologists are trained to detect factors that may be related to lipid disorders, such as hypothyroidism, drug use (such as steroids), or genetic or metabolic conditions. Lipid disorders can be found in several conditions that require special management, including the metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and obesity. Special diets, exercise, and medications may be prescribed to manage hyperlipidemia and other lipid disorders.